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For many applications involving terrestrial albedo, the albedo at a particular solar zenith angle θi can reasonably be approximated by the formula ... more

A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that ... more

In hyperbolic geometry, the law of cosines is a pair of theorems relating the sides and angles of triangles on a hyperbolic plane, analogous to the planar ... more

The angular resolution may be converted into a spatial resolution,by multiplication of the angle (in radians) with the distance to the object. For a ... more

Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton’s second and third laws.
A very common question is how to contrast the thrust ... more

Free fall is any motion of a body where its weight is the only force acting upon it. In Uniform gravitational field with air resistance the air resistance ... more

A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational motion to linear motion, and a torque (rotational force) to a linear force. It is one of the six classical ... more

Youden’s J statistic (also called Youden’s index) is a single statistic that captures the performance of a diagnostic test. Its value ranges ... more

Viscosity is a property arising from collisions between neighboring particles in a fluid that are moving at different velocities. When the fluid is forced ... more

Circular segment is a region of a circle which is “cut off” from the rest of the circle by a secant or a chord. More formally, a circular ... more