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The trigonometric functions (also called the circular functions) are functions of an angle. They relate the angles of a triangle to the lengths of its ... more

A perimeter is a path that surrounds a two-dimensional shape. The word comes from the Greek peri (around) and meter (measure). The term may be used either ... more

The equation for the desired radius of a curve, takes into account the factors of speed and superelevation (e). This equation can be algebraically ... more

The sawtooth wave (or saw wave) is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform. The convention is that a sawtooth wave ramps upward and then sharply drops. However, ... more

an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal. In traditional or Euclidean geometry, equilateral triangles are also equiangular; ... more

In fluid dynamics, the Chézy formula describes the mean flow velocity of steady, turbulent (a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes), open ... more

Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or ... more

In spherical trigonometry, the law of cosines (also called the cosine rule for sides) is a theorem relating the sides and angles of spherical triangles, ... more

In geometry, an n-sided antiprism is a polyhedron composed of two parallel copies of some particular n-sided polygon, connected by an alternating band of ... more

Sight distance is dependent on the type of curve used and the design speed. For crest curves, sight distance is limited by the curve itself, as the curve ... more