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In optics and especially laser science, the Rayleigh length or Rayleigh range is the distance along the propagation direction of a beam from the waist to ... more

Sphericity is a measure of how spherical (round) an object is. The formula of Maximum Projection Sphericity shows the behavior of a particle during ... more

Capacitance is the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. Any object that can be electrically charged exhibits capacitance. Capacitance is a ... more

Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature through heat transfer. For a solid, we can ignore ... more

The selection of synthetic membranes for a targeted separation process is usually based on few requirements. Membranes have to provide enough mass transfer ... more

The equation yields the surface averaged Nusselt number, which is used to determine the average convective heat transfer coefficient. Newton’s law of ... more

Shock diamonds (also known as Mach diamonds, Mach disks, Mach rings, doughnut tails or thrust diamonds) are a formation of standing wave patterns that ... more

A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides (or edges) and four vertices or corners. An orthodiagonal quadrilateral is a quadrilateral in which the ... more

A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides (or edges) and four vertices or corners. An orthodiagonal quadrilateral is a quadrilateral in which the ... more

Energy–maneuverability theory is a model of aircraft performance. It was developed by Col. John Boyd, and is useful in describing an aircraft’s ... more