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For many applications involving terrestrial albedo, the albedo at a particular solar zenith angle θi can reasonably be approximated by the formula ... more
Forward osmosis (FO) is an osmotic process that, like reverse osmosis (RO), uses a semi-permeable membrane to effect separation of water from dissolved ... more
The boundary layer thickness is the distance across a boundary layer from the wall to a point where the flow velocity has essentially reached (99%)the ... more
In fluid flow, friction loss (or skin friction) is the loss of pressure or “head” that occurs in pipe or duct flow due to the effect of the fluid’s ... more
The dimensionless magnetic Reynolds number, is also used in cases where there is no physical fluid involved.
The magnetic Reynolds number is the ... more
For flow in a pipe or tube, the Reynolds number is generally defined as presented here.
For shapes such as squares, rectangular or annular ducts ... more
The Stanton number, St, is a dimensionless number that measures the ratio of heat transferred into a fluid to the thermal capacity of fluid. The Stanton ... more
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower tensile strength. As a result, without compensating, concrete would almost ... more
The cross-section of a welded butt joint, with the darkest gray representing the weld or fusion zone, the medium gray the heat affected zone, and the ... more
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