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The Gilbert model assumes that the magnetic forces between magnets are due to magnetic charges near the poles. This model produces good approximations that ... more
First proposed by Clement D. Child in 1911, Child’s law states that the space-charge limited current (SCLC) in a ... more
Hartmann number (Ha) is the ratio of electromagnetic force to the viscous force first introduced by Hartmann.
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The Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the “usefulness” or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system, at a ... more
A magnetic dipole is a closed circulation of electric current. A simple example of this is a single loop of wire with some constant current through ... more
A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors. The simplest capacitor consists of ... more
In optics, a Gaussian beam is a beam of electromagnetic radiation whose transverse electric field and intensity (irradiance) distributions are well ... more
Far away from a magnet, its magnetic field is almost always described (to a good approximation) by a dipole field characterized by its total magnetic ... more
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions. If an electron ... more
The gyroradius (also known as radius of gyration, Larmor radius or cyclotron radius) is the radius of the circular motion of a charged particle in the ... more
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