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In standard conditions at atmospheric pressure, gas serves as an excellent insulator, requiring the application of a significant voltage before breaking ... more

Electromotive force, abbreviated emf (denoted ℰ and measured in volts) is the electrical intensity or “pressure” developed by a source of ... more

In physics, Larmor precession (named after Joseph Larmor) is the precession of the magnetic moment of any object with a magnetic moment about an external ... more

In classical electromagnetism, polarization density (or electric polarization, or simply polarization) is the vector field that expresses the density of ... more

The spin magnetic moment of a charged, spin-1/2 particle that does not possess any internal structure (a Dirac particle).

In physics, mainly ... more

In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or colloquially a tube (North America) or valve (British usage), is a device that controls electric ... more

The Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the ... more

The electrothermal instability (also known as the ionization instability) is a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instability appearing in ... more

In optics, Miller’s rule is an empirical rule which gives an estimate of the order of magnitude of the nonlinear coefficient.

More formally, ... more

In semiconductor production, doping intentionally introduces impurities into an extremely pure (also referred to as intrinsic) semiconductor for the ... more