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Calculates the volume of a hollow sphere. A sphere is a perfectly round geometrical and circular object in three-dimensional space that resembles the shape ... more

Cohen’s kappa coefficient is a statistical measure of inter-rater agreement or inter-annotator agreement for qualitative (categorical) items. It is ... more

Law of sines is an equation relating the lengths of the sides of any shaped triangle to the sines of its angles. The law of sines can be used to compute ... more

In statistics and quantitative research methodology, a data sample is a set of data collected and/or selected from a statistical population by a defined ... more

Pell’s equation is a Diophantine equation (a polynomial equation in two or more unknowns ).
In Cartesian coordinates, the equation has the form ... more

Contact mechanics is the study of the deformation of solids that touch each other at one or more points. Hertzian contact stress refers to the localized ... more

In geometry, a frustum is the portion of a solid (normally a cone or pyramid) that lies between two parallel planes cutting it.The total area of a frustum ... more

Assuming a single, well-mixed, homogeneous fluid and a single acceleration due to gravity (both are good assumptions in natural rivers, and the second is a ... more

The Heronian mean of two non-negative real numbers is a weighted mean of their arithmetic and geometric means.The weighted mean is similar to an ... more

The logit function is the inverse of the sigmoidal “logistic” function or logistic transform used in mathematics, especially in statistics. ... more