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Magnetic dipole moment (Gilbert model)

Far away from a magnet, its magnetic field is almost always described (to a good approximation) by a dipole field characterized by its total magnetic ... more

Torque on a dipole (magnetic field)

A physical dipole consists of two equal and opposite point charges. When placed in an magnetic field, equal but opposite forces arise on each side of the ... more

Magnetic dipole moment (Ampère model)

Far away from a magnet, its magnetic field is almost always described (to a good approximation) by a dipole field characterized by its total magnetic ... more

Relations between polarization density and electric displacement field

In classical electromagnetism, polarization density (or electric polarization, or simply polarization) is the vector field that expresses the density of ... more

Relation between Polarization density and Electric field in various materials

In classical electromagnetism, polarization density is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced electric dipole moments in a ... more

Field of a static magnetic dipole

A magnetic dipole is a closed circulation of electric current. A simple example of this is a single loop of wire with some constant current through ... more

Antenna Gain - Relative to a Dipole

In electromagnetics, an antenna’s power gain or simply gain is a key performance figure which combines the antenna’s directivity and electrical ... more

Rayleigh Scattering - Intensity of Light from molecules

Rayleigh scattering (pronounced /ˈreɪli/ RAY-lee), named after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt), is the (dominantly) elastic ... more

Rayleigh Scattering Cross-Section

Rayleigh scattering (pronounced /ˈreɪli/ RAY-lee), named after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt), is the (dominantly) elastic ... more

Antenna Gain

In electromagnetics, an antenna’s power gain or simply gain is a key performance figure which combines the antenna’s directivity and electrical ... more

Magnetic susceptibility

The magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied ... more

Force between two nearby magnetized surfaces

The Gilbert model assumes that the magnetic forces between magnets are due to magnetic charges near the poles. This model produces good approximations that ... more

Dirac particle (spin magnetic moment)

The spin magnetic moment of a charged, spin-1/2 particle that does not possess any internal structure (a Dirac particle).

In physics, mainly ... more

Force between two nearby magnetized surfaces (relative to flux density)

The Gilbert model assumes that the magnetic forces between magnets are due to magnetic charges near the poles. This model produces good approximations that ... more

Gain - Parabolic Antenna (also conical)

In electromagnetics, an antenna’s power gain or simply gain is a key performance figure which combines the antenna’s directivity and electrical ... more

Force between two magnetic poles

The Gilbert model assumes that the magnetic forces between magnets are due to magnetic charges near the poles. This model produces good approximations that ... more

Rayleigh Scattering - Intensity of Light

Rayleigh scattering (pronounced /ˈreɪli/ RAY-lee), named after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt), is the (dominantly) elastic ... more

Curie's law ( magnetization of the materials)

In a paramagnetic material the magnetization of the material is (approximately) directly proportional to an applied magnetic field. However, if the ... more

Larmor frequency

In physics, Larmor precession (named after Joseph Larmor) is the precession of the magnetic moment of any object with a magnetic moment about an external ... more

Force between two bar magnets

The Gilbert model assumes that the magnetic forces between magnets are due to magnetic charges near the poles. This model produces good approximations that ... more

Electric field (due to a point charge)

The electric field describes the electric force experienced by a motionless positively charged test particle at any point in space relative to the ... more

Electric field

The electric field describes the electric force experienced by a motionless positively charged test particle at any point in space relative to the ... more

Electric Potential Energy (related to Electrical Work)

Electrical work is the work done on a charged particle by an electric field. The equation for 'electrical’ work is equivalent to that of ... more

Electric Potential Energy with Time (related to Electrical Work)

Electrical work is the work done on a charged particle by an electric field. The equation for 'electrical’ work is equivalent to that of ... more

Acceleration of a particle in an electric field

The electric field is a component of the electromagnetic field. It is a vector field, and it is generated by electric charges or time-varying magnetic ... more

Miller's Rule

In optics, Miller’s rule is an empirical rule which gives an estimate of the order of magnitude of the nonlinear coefficient.

More formally, ... more

Electric Intensity

Electric field intensity is the strength of an electric field at any point. It is equal to the electric force per unit charge experienced by a test charge ... more

Electrostatic pressure

A conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of electrical current in one or more directions. On a conductor, a surface charge will ... more

Gyromagnetic ratio for a classical rotating body

In physics, the gyromagnetic ratio (also sometimes known as the magnetogyric ratio in other disciplines) of a particle or system is the ratio of its ... more

Electrical mobility

Electrical mobility is the ability of charged particles (such as electrons or protons) to move through a medium in response to an electric field that is ... more

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