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The refractive index or index of refraction of a substance is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or any other radiation, propagates through ... more
The refractive index is used for optics in Fresnel equations and Snell’s law; while the relative permittivity and permeability are used in ... more
In classical electromagnetism, polarization density is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced electric dipole moments in a ... more
In classical electromagnetism, polarization density (or electric polarization, or simply polarization) is the vector field that expresses the density of ... more
Several laws describe a human’s ability to visually detect targets on a uniform background. One such law is Riccò's law, discovered by astronomer ... more
Snell’s law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of ... more
Snell’s law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of ... more
When a ray of light hits the boundary between two transparent materials, it is divided into a reflected and a refracted ray.The law of refraction states ... more
The angular resolution may be converted into a spatial resolution,by multiplication of the angle (in radians) with the distance to the object. For a ... more
Photoelasticity is an experimental method to determine the stress distribution in a material.Unlike the analytical methods of stress determination, ... more
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